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The Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa (called ''Waaswaaganing'' in Ojibwe) are a federally recognized Ojibwa Native American tribe, with an Indian reservation lying mostly in the Town of Lac du Flambeau in south-western Vilas County, and in the Town of Sherman in south-eastern Iron County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. The Lac du Flambeau Indian Reservation, located at , has a land area of 108.065 sq mi (279.887 km²) and a 2000 census resident population of 2,995 persons. Its major settlement is the unincorporated Lac du Flambeau, which had a population of 1,646 persons. Located at ''Waaswaagani-zaaga'igan'' (French: ''Lac du Flambeau''; English: ''Torch Lake''), the reservation of the Lac du Flambeau Band was established under the Treaty of 1854. The band had occupied this area since 1745, when it defeated the Sioux in the last battle between the peoples, driving them to the west. The Ojibwe had gradually migrated over centuries from the Atlantic coast. With renewed self-government under a written constitution in the 20th century, the Lac du Flambeau Band have established enterprises to build on their natural resources. ==Tribal settlement== The ancestors of the Lac du Flambeau Band and other bands moved west from the Michigan area in the 17th century into the interior of Wisconsin west and south of Lake Superior. were the ''Waaswaaganininiwag'' (the "Torch Lake Men"). French fur traders named the band and lake for the Ojibwe practice of catching fish at night on the lake by torchlight.〔("Lac Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa" ), Great Lakes Inter-Tribal Council, 2005, accessed 1 September 2012〕 According to the Lac du Flambeau Band, they settled permanently in the area in 1745, led by their Chief Keeshkemun. He helped them defeat the Sioux (Dakota) that year, who had long occupied this area. The last battle between them and these Chippewa took place on Strawberry Island in the lake.〔(Ana Davis, "Decade of deadlock on sacred Strawberry Island" ), ''Lakeland Times'', 31 August 2007, accessed 1 September 2012〕 The larger competition for resources between the Dakota and the Lake Superior Chippewa had begun in 1737 and continued for nearly 100 years before the Chippewa pushed out the Dakota and the Fox tribes from the Wisconsin interior.〔(James K. Bokern, "Chapter 2: The History of the Lac du Flambeau District Bands" ), ''History and the Primary Canoe Routes of the Six Bands of Chippewa from the Lac Du Flambeau District'', Unpublished Masters Thesis, 1987, prepared under supervision at University of Wisconsin-Stevens, accessed 1 September 2012〕 The ''Waaswaaganininiwag'' constituted the eastern group of the ''Biitan-akiing-enabijig'' (Border Sitters), a sub-Nation of the ''Gichigamiwininiwag'' (the Lake Superior Men, also known as Lake Superior Chippewa). Others members of the eastern ''Biitan-akiing-enabijig'' included bands located on Pelican Lake, Lac Vieux Desert, Turtle Portage, Trout Lake and Wisconsin River. For centuries, the lake ''Waaswaagani-zaaga'igan'' served as the trade and transportation hub for Native Americans and later colonial traders, as it connected the waterways between Lake Superior (via the Montreal River) and the Wisconsin and Flambeau rivers. Traders used the lake and rivers to pass back and forth through their far-flung network. They also had to use the Flambeau Trail to portage from Lake Superior to the Lac du Flambeau District. The trail was 45 miles long, with 120 "pauses" created along the path to give portagers a break, an indication of the rough country.〔(Bokern, "Chapter 8: Chippewa Travel" ), ''History of the Six Bands of Chippewa'', accessed 1 September 2012〕 As part of the Lake Superior Chippewa and signatories to the 1854 Treaty of La Pointe, the bands at Pelican Lake, Turtle Portage, Trout Lake and Wisconsin River were consolidated into the Lac du Flambeau Band (''Waaswaaganing'' in Ojibwe). As signatories to the Treaty of St. Peters of 1837, and the Treaties of La Pointe of 1842 and 1854, members of the Lac du Flambeau Band enjoy the traditional hunting, fishing and gathering practices guaranteed in these treaties. Like other tribes, the band had much of it land allotted to individual households under the Dawes Act of the early 20th century, intended to encourage assimilation to European-American style property holding and farming. This led to the loss of some of its lands, including Strawberry Island, which was sold to a non-Native family in 1910.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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